| 1 | Int. J. Neurosci. 2001 Jul 109: 47-59 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 11699340 |
| Title | Abnormal EEG patterns in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. |
| Abstract | This study was conducted in order to compare the EEG patterns ofschizophrenics who do not respond to typical neuroleptics with those who do respond under typical neuroleptic medication and a group of controls. Absolute (AP) and relative power (RP), and inter- and intrahemispheric correlations were calculated. Nonresistantschizophrenics showed lower delta RP, higher alpha 1 AP and RP and higher correlation between prefrontal areas than the resistant ones and controls. Resistantschizophrenic年代显示降低α2 RP,低β1和β2in temporal but higher beta 2 AP and RP in occipital derivations, and higher intrahemispheric correlation between Fp2 and F4 and lower betweenF8and T4 than the nonresistant and controls. The resistants also showed a higher antero-posterior beta 1 and beta 2 index than the controls. We concluded that the EEG pattern showed by the nonresistants may be associated with their good neuroleptic response that was not present in the resistantschizophrenics. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 2 | Int. J. Neurosci. 2001 Jul 109: 47-59 |
| PMID | 11699340 |
| Title | Abnormal EEG patterns in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. |
| Abstract | This study was conducted in order to compare the EEG patterns ofschizophrenics who do not respond to typical neuroleptics with those who do respond under typical neuroleptic medication and a group of controls. Absolute (AP) and relative power (RP), and inter- and intrahemispheric correlations were calculated. Nonresistantschizophrenics showed lower delta RP, higher alpha 1 AP and RP and higher correlation between prefrontal areas than the resistant ones and controls. Resistantschizophrenic年代显示降低α2 RP,低β1和β2in temporal but higher beta 2 AP and RP in occipital derivations, and higher intrahemispheric correlation between Fp2 and F4 and lower betweenF8and T4 than the nonresistant and controls. The resistants also showed a higher antero-posterior beta 1 and beta 2 index than the controls. We concluded that the EEG pattern showed by the nonresistants may be associated with their good neuroleptic response that was not present in the resistantschizophrenics. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 3 | Biol. Psychiatry 2004 Jan 55: 154-64 |
| PMID | 14732595 |
| Title | Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function inschizophrenicpatients was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13schizophrenicpatients and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller inschizophrenicpatients. During RC task, oxy-Hb inschizophrenicpatients tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed inschizophrenicfrontal brain metabolism. These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in investigating frontal lobe dysfunction and evaluating psychopathologic condition inschizophrenicpatients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 4 | Biol. Psychiatry 2004 Jan 55: 154-64 |
| PMID | 14732595 |
| Title | Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function inschizophrenicpatients was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13schizophrenicpatients and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller inschizophrenicpatients. During RC task, oxy-Hb inschizophrenicpatients tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed inschizophrenicfrontal brain metabolism. These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in investigating frontal lobe dysfunction and evaluating psychopathologic condition inschizophrenicpatients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 5 | Schizophr. Res. 2006 Jun 84: 411-20 |
| PMID | 16626944 |
| Title | Resting hypofrontality in schizophrenia: A study using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. |
| Abstract | Hypofrontality has been a major finding obtained from functional neuroimaging studies onschizophrenia, although there have also been contradictory results that have questioned the reality of hypofrontality. In our previous study, we confirmed the existence of activation hypofrontality by using a 2-channel continuous-wave-type (CW-type) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument. In this study, we employed a single-channel time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) instrument, which can quantify hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations based on the photon diffusion theory, to investigate resting hypofrontality. A pair of incident and detecting light guides was placed on either side of the forehead at approximately Fp2-F8or Fp1-F7 alternately in 14 maleschizophrenicpatients and 16 age-matched male control subjects to measure Hb concentrations at rest. The patients were also measured with a 2-channel CW-type NIRS instrument during the performance of a random number generation (RNG) task. A reduced total hemoglobin concentration (t-Hb) less than 60 microM (the mean value of the control subjects-1.5 SD) was observed bilaterally in 4 patients and only in the left side in 3 patients. Activation hypofrontality was more manifest in these patients than in the remaining 7 patients despite the same task performance. This decreased t-Hb was related to the duration of illness, and it was not observed in patients whose duration of illness was less than 10 years. These results indicate that resting hypofrontality is a chronically developed feature ofschizophrenia. This does not necessarily represent frontal dysfunction, but may reflect anatomical and/or functional changes in frontal microcirculation. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 6 | Schizophr. Res. 2006 Jun 84: 411-20 |
| PMID | 16626944 |
| Title | Resting hypofrontality in schizophrenia: A study using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. |
| Abstract | Hypofrontality has been a major finding obtained from functional neuroimaging studies onschizophrenia, although there have also been contradictory results that have questioned the reality of hypofrontality. In our previous study, we confirmed the existence of activation hypofrontality by using a 2-channel continuous-wave-type (CW-type) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument. In this study, we employed a single-channel time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) instrument, which can quantify hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations based on the photon diffusion theory, to investigate resting hypofrontality. A pair of incident and detecting light guides was placed on either side of the forehead at approximately Fp2-F8or Fp1-F7 alternately in 14 maleschizophrenicpatients and 16 age-matched male control subjects to measure Hb concentrations at rest. The patients were also measured with a 2-channel CW-type NIRS instrument during the performance of a random number generation (RNG) task. A reduced total hemoglobin concentration (t-Hb) less than 60 microM (the mean value of the control subjects-1.5 SD) was observed bilaterally in 4 patients and only in the left side in 3 patients. Activation hypofrontality was more manifest in these patients than in the remaining 7 patients despite the same task performance. This decreased t-Hb was related to the duration of illness, and it was not observed in patients whose duration of illness was less than 10 years. These results indicate that resting hypofrontality is a chronically developed feature ofschizophrenia. This does not necessarily represent frontal dysfunction, but may reflect anatomical and/or functional changes in frontal microcirculation. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 7 | Psychiatry Res 2007 Jan 149: 41-7 |
| PMID | 17140670 |
| Title | State-dependent changes in intrahemispheric EEG coherence for patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | Abnormalities of electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence inschizophreniaare thought to reflect functional disconnections between different brain regions associated with the onset of this disease. To clarify whether these abnormalities change in a symptom-dependent manner in individual patients, we analyzed the coherence of resting EEGs recorded at two time points with a 36.6-day interval during the course of treatment for 14 patients who had been hospitalized for acute exacerbation ofschizophrenia. Symptom severity was quantitatively measured by means of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Beta (13-20 Hz) coherence for the left frontal (F7)-temporal (T5) electrode pair was less than that for the corresponding right pair (F8-T6) at the initial test. At the second test, when symptoms had improved, the left frontal-temporal beta coherence had increased, resulting in disappearance of the laterality. This change in beta coherence for the left frontal-temporal pair correlated negatively with the change in the total BPRS score, particularly the positive symptom score. Similar correlations were found for eight patients who had been drug-free at the first examination. These results suggest that a functional disconnection between the frontal and the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere may be associated with the generation of acute psychotic symptoms inschizophrenia. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 8 | Clin Neurophysiol 2008 Jun 119: 1232-41 |
| PMID | 18396454 |
| Title | Abnormal EEG complexity in patients with schizophrenia and depression. |
| Abstract | schizophrenics are usually unable to perform well on cognitive tasks due to disturbances in cortical information processing that are observable as abnormalities in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. However, whether such cortical disturbances can be assessed by quantitative EEG analysis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize EEG disturbances, using the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), in the subjects withschizophrenia在休息或在执行心算任务s. The results were compared to those from the subjects with depression and with healthy controls. The subjects included 62schizophreniapatients, 48 depression patients and 26 age-matched healthy controls. EEG was recorded under two conditions: (i) resting with eyes closed, and (ii) a mentally active condition wherein the subjects were asked to subtract 7 from 100 iteratively with their eyes closed. EEG signals were analyzed by LZC and conventional spectral methods. In all the groups, LZC of EEG decreased during the mental arithmetic compared with those under the resting conditions. Both theschizophreniaand the depression groups had a higher LZC (p<0.05) than the controls. Also, theschizophreniagroup had a lower LZC (p<0.05) than the depression group during the mental arithmetic task as well as during the resting state. Significant differences in LZC, at some symmetrically located loci (FP1/FP2, F7/F8), between the two hemispheres were found in all the patient groups only during the arithmetic task. Compared with conventional spectral analysis, LZC was more sensitive to both the power spectrum and the temporal amplitude distribution. LZC was associated with the ability to attend to the task and adapt the information processing system to the cognitive challenge. Thus, it would be useful in studying the disturbances in the cortical information processing patients with depression orschizophrenia. LZC of EEG is associated with mental activity. Thus, LZC analysis can be an important tool in understanding the pathophysiology ofschizophreniaand depression in future studies. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 9 | Clin Neurophysiol 2008 Jun 119: 1232-41 |
| PMID | 18396454 |
| Title | Abnormal EEG complexity in patients with schizophrenia and depression. |
| Abstract | schizophrenics are usually unable to perform well on cognitive tasks due to disturbances in cortical information processing that are observable as abnormalities in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. However, whether such cortical disturbances can be assessed by quantitative EEG analysis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize EEG disturbances, using the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), in the subjects withschizophrenia在休息或在执行心算任务s. The results were compared to those from the subjects with depression and with healthy controls. The subjects included 62schizophreniapatients, 48 depression patients and 26 age-matched healthy controls. EEG was recorded under two conditions: (i) resting with eyes closed, and (ii) a mentally active condition wherein the subjects were asked to subtract 7 from 100 iteratively with their eyes closed. EEG signals were analyzed by LZC and conventional spectral methods. In all the groups, LZC of EEG decreased during the mental arithmetic compared with those under the resting conditions. Both theschizophreniaand the depression groups had a higher LZC (p<0.05) than the controls. Also, theschizophreniagroup had a lower LZC (p<0.05) than the depression group during the mental arithmetic task as well as during the resting state. Significant differences in LZC, at some symmetrically located loci (FP1/FP2, F7/F8), between the two hemispheres were found in all the patient groups only during the arithmetic task. Compared with conventional spectral analysis, LZC was more sensitive to both the power spectrum and the temporal amplitude distribution. LZC was associated with the ability to attend to the task and adapt the information processing system to the cognitive challenge. Thus, it would be useful in studying the disturbances in the cortical information processing patients with depression orschizophrenia. LZC of EEG is associated with mental activity. Thus, LZC analysis can be an important tool in understanding the pathophysiology ofschizophreniaand depression in future studies. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 10 | Psychiatr Danub 2009年12月21日:579 - 84 |
| PMID | 19935497 |
| Title | 脑电图特点stics in depression, "negative" and "positive" schizophrena. |
| Abstract | qEEG investigations present differences in the comparison ofschizophrenicpatients and healthy examinees, as well as of depressive patients and healthy controls. The comparison of "positive" and "negative"schizophreniaalso presents differences in the qEEG parameters. Changes in qEEG are various in these studies, but not always consistent. In this research we wanted to compare "positive"schizophrenia, "negative"schizophreniaand depression. The sample comprised 55 examinees (all women): 20 patients with "positive"schizophrenia, 15 patients with "negative"schizophrenia和20抑郁症患者。标准的脑电图registration was done in all of them. From the recorded material, the 20-second period without artifacts was analyzed by the FFT method. The results were presented as absolute special power values (muV(2)) for individual segments of the spectrum: delta (0.5-4.0), theta (4.0-8.0), alpha (8.0-13.0) and beta (13.0-30.0). The observed regions included Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7,F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 and O2. The "positive" typeschizophreniadiffers from the "negative" in the increase in both delta and theta activities, and in the decline of beta activity over frontal regions. The "positive" type ofschizophreniadiffers from depression in the increase in delta activity over frontal regions, while the "negative" form ofschizophreniadiffers from it in the decrease in beta activity over frontal regions. qEEG parameters differ in the comparison of "positive" and "negative" types ofschizophrenia. These differences are more numerous and more significant than those obtained in the comparison of each of these types ofschizophreniawith depression. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 11 | Psychiatr Danub 2009年12月21日:579 - 84 |
| PMID | 19935497 |
| Title | 脑电图特点stics in depression, "negative" and "positive" schizophrena. |
| Abstract | qEEG investigations present differences in the comparison ofschizophrenicpatients and healthy examinees, as well as of depressive patients and healthy controls. The comparison of "positive" and "negative"schizophreniaalso presents differences in the qEEG parameters. Changes in qEEG are various in these studies, but not always consistent. In this research we wanted to compare "positive"schizophrenia, "negative"schizophreniaand depression. The sample comprised 55 examinees (all women): 20 patients with "positive"schizophrenia, 15 patients with "negative"schizophrenia和20抑郁症患者。标准的脑电图registration was done in all of them. From the recorded material, the 20-second period without artifacts was analyzed by the FFT method. The results were presented as absolute special power values (muV(2)) for individual segments of the spectrum: delta (0.5-4.0), theta (4.0-8.0), alpha (8.0-13.0) and beta (13.0-30.0). The observed regions included Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7,F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 and O2. The "positive" typeschizophreniadiffers from the "negative" in the increase in both delta and theta activities, and in the decline of beta activity over frontal regions. The "positive" type ofschizophreniadiffers from depression in the increase in delta activity over frontal regions, while the "negative" form ofschizophreniadiffers from it in the decrease in beta activity over frontal regions. qEEG parameters differ in the comparison of "positive" and "negative" types ofschizophrenia. These differences are more numerous and more significant than those obtained in the comparison of each of these types ofschizophreniawith depression. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 12 | Schizophr. Res. 2010 Mar 117: 52-60 |
| PMID | 19896332 |
| Title | Discriminant analysis in schizophrenia and healthy subjects using prefrontal activation during frontal lobe tasks: a near-infrared spectroscopy. |
| Abstract | While psychiatric disorders such asschizophreniaare largely diagnosed on symptomatology, several studies have attempted to determine which biomarkers can discriminateschizophreniapatients from non-patients withschizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement can distinguishschizophreniapatients from healthy subjects. Sixty patients withschizophreniaand sixty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were divided into two sequential groups. The concentration change in oxygenated hemoglobin (Delta[oxy-Hb]) was measured in the bilateral prefrontal areas (Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8) during the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) letter version and category version, Tower of Hanoi (TOH), Sternberg's (SBT) and Stroop Tasks. In the first group,schizophreniapatients showed poorer task performance on all tasks and less prefrontal cortex activation during all but the Stroop Task compared to healthy subjects. In the second group,schizophreniapatients showed poorer task performance and less prefrontal cortex activation during VFTs and TOH tasks than healthy subjects. We then performed discriminant analysis by a stepwise method using Delta[oxy-Hb] and task performance measures as independent variables. The discriminant analysis in the first group included task performance of TOH, VFT letter and VFT category and Delta[oxy-Hb] of VFT letter. As a result, 88.3% of the participants were correctly classified as beingschizophrenicor healthy subjects in the first analysis. The discriminant function derived from the first group correctly assigned 75% of the subjects in the second group. Our findings suggest that NIRS measurement could be applied to differentiate patients withschizophreniafrom healthy subjects. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 13 | Schizophr. Res. 2010 Mar 117: 52-60 |
| PMID | 19896332 |
| Title | Discriminant analysis in schizophrenia and healthy subjects using prefrontal activation during frontal lobe tasks: a near-infrared spectroscopy. |
| Abstract | While psychiatric disorders such asschizophreniaare largely diagnosed on symptomatology, several studies have attempted to determine which biomarkers can discriminateschizophreniapatients from non-patients withschizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement can distinguishschizophreniapatients from healthy subjects. Sixty patients withschizophreniaand sixty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were divided into two sequential groups. The concentration change in oxygenated hemoglobin (Delta[oxy-Hb]) was measured in the bilateral prefrontal areas (Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8) during the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) letter version and category version, Tower of Hanoi (TOH), Sternberg's (SBT) and Stroop Tasks. In the first group,schizophreniapatients showed poorer task performance on all tasks and less prefrontal cortex activation during all but the Stroop Task compared to healthy subjects. In the second group,schizophreniapatients showed poorer task performance and less prefrontal cortex activation during VFTs and TOH tasks than healthy subjects. We then performed discriminant analysis by a stepwise method using Delta[oxy-Hb] and task performance measures as independent variables. The discriminant analysis in the first group included task performance of TOH, VFT letter and VFT category and Delta[oxy-Hb] of VFT letter. As a result, 88.3% of the participants were correctly classified as beingschizophrenicor healthy subjects in the first analysis. The discriminant function derived from the first group correctly assigned 75% of the subjects in the second group. Our findings suggest that NIRS measurement could be applied to differentiate patients withschizophreniafrom healthy subjects. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 14 | Brain Res. 2011 Mar 1377: 21-31 |
| PMID | 21195697 |
| Title | The effects of catechol-O-methyl-transferase polymorphism Val158Met on functional connectivity in healthy young females: a resting EEG study. |
| Abstract | catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT的)基因been linked to a wide spectrum of human phenotypes, including cognition, affective response, pain sensitivity, anxiety and psychosis. This study examined the modulatory effects of COMT Val158Met on neural interactions, indicated by connectivity strengths. Blood samples and resting state eyes-closed EEG signals were collected in 254 healthy young females. The COMT Val158Met polymorphism was decoded into 3 groups: Val/Val, Val/Met and Met/Met. The values of mutual information of 20 frontal-related channel pairs across delta, theta, alpha and beta frequencies were analyzed based on the time-frequency mutual information method. Our one-way ANOVA analyses revealed that the significant connection-frequency pairs were relatively left lateralized (P<0.01) and included F7-T3 and F7-C3 at delta frequency, and F3-F4, F7-T3, F7-C3, F7-P3, F3-C3, F3-F7 and F4-F8at theta frequency. The F-test at F7-T3 and F7-C3 theta surpassed the statistical threshold of P<0.003 (after Bonferroni correction). For all the above connection-frequency pairs, there was a dose-dependent trend in the connectivity strengths of the alleles as follows: Val/Val>Val/Met>Met/Met. Our analyses complemented previous literature regarding neural modulation by the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. The implication to the pathogenesis inschizophreniawas also discussed. Further studies are needed to clarify whether there is gender difference on this gene-brain interaction. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 15 | Psychiatr Danub 2011 Dec 23: 355-62 |
| PMID | 22075736 |
| Title | Quantitative electroencephalography in schizophrenia and depression. |
| Abstract | Standard (qualitative) electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used in the diagnostic evaluation of psychiatric patients. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) findings differ between patients withschizophrenia, patients with depression, but results are not consistent. The aim of our study was to determine the differences in qEEG parameters between patients withschizophrenia, patients with depression, and healthy subjects. The study included 30 patients withschizophrenia, 33 patients with depression, and 30 healthy subjects. All study participants underwent standard EEG. Artifact-free 100-second epochs were selected from the recorded material and analyzed with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis. The results are presented as absolute spectral power values (?V2) of delta, theta, alpha, and beta components of the EEG spectrum. EEGs were recorded from 12 locations including Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7,F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2. In comparison with healthy subjects, patients withschizophreniashowed increased delta, theta, and beta activity and decreased alpha activity. Similar results were obtained in patients with depression, but in fewer regions. In patients withschizophrenia, delta power over Fp1, Fp2, F4, andF8regions was increased in comparison with those in patients with depression. Interhemispheric asymmetry was found in patients withschizophreniaand healthy subjects, but not in patients with depression. The finding that patients withschizophreniadiffered from patients with depression in delta power values could be potentially used in differential diagnosis betweenschizophreniaand depression. The role of qEEG in clinical differentiation between these two mental disorders may be especially important in cases of negative-symptomschizophrenia. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 16 | Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013 -1 2013: 3286-90 |
| PMID | 24110430 |
| Title | A study on validity of cortical alpha connectivity for schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | Abnormalities inschizophreniaare thought to be associated with functional disconnections between different brain regions. Most previous studies onschizophreniahave considered high-band connectivity in preference to the Alpha band, as there has been some uncertainty correlating the latter to the condition. In this paper we attempt to clarify this correlation using an Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis of the Alpha band fromschizophrenicpatients. Global, regional Omega and dimensional complexity and local Omega complexity differentials (LCD) of single channel are calculated using 16 channels of resting EEG data from 31 adult patients withschizophreniaand 31 age/sex matched control subjects. It was found that, compared to the controls, anterior alpha Omega and dimensional complexity are higher inschizophreniapatients (p<0.05) with the single channel LCD also increasing at FP1, FP2, F7 andF8electrodes. Furthermore, higher left hemisphere dimensional complexity and LCD at T3 point was also found. The results suggest there is lower connectivity in the pre-frontal and left temporal regions with respect to the alpha band inschizophreniapatients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 17 | Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013 -1 2013: 3286-90 |
| PMID | 24110430 |
| Title | A study on validity of cortical alpha connectivity for schizophrenia. |
| Abstract | Abnormalities inschizophreniaare thought to be associated with functional disconnections between different brain regions. Most previous studies onschizophreniahave considered high-band connectivity in preference to the Alpha band, as there has been some uncertainty correlating the latter to the condition. In this paper we attempt to clarify this correlation using an Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis of the Alpha band fromschizophrenicpatients. Global, regional Omega and dimensional complexity and local Omega complexity differentials (LCD) of single channel are calculated using 16 channels of resting EEG data from 31 adult patients withschizophreniaand 31 age/sex matched control subjects. It was found that, compared to the controls, anterior alpha Omega and dimensional complexity are higher inschizophreniapatients (p<0.05) with the single channel LCD also increasing at FP1, FP2, F7 andF8electrodes. Furthermore, higher left hemisphere dimensional complexity and LCD at T3 point was also found. The results suggest there is lower connectivity in the pre-frontal and left temporal regions with respect to the alpha band inschizophreniapatients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 18 | Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2014 Apr 12: 48-53 |
| PMID | 24851121 |
| Title | Drug Treated Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective and Bipolar Disorder Patients Evaluated by qEEG Absolute Spectral Power and Mean Frequency Analysis. |
| Abstract | Research of electroencephalograph (EEG) power spectrum and mean frequency has shown inconsistent results in patients withschizophrenic, schizoaffective and bipolar disorders during medication when compared to normal subjects thus; the characterization of these parameters is an important task. We applied quantitative EEG (qEEG) to investigate 38 control, 15schizophrenic, 7 schizoaffective and 11 bipolar disorder subjects which remaine under the administration of psychotropic drugs (except control group). Absolute spectral power (ASP), mean frequency and hemispheric electrical asymmetry were measured by 19 derivation qEEG. Group mean values were compared with non parametrical Mann-Whitney test and spectral EEG maps with z-score method at p < 0.05. Most frequent drug treatments forschizophrenicpatients were neuroleptic+antiepileptic (40% of cases) or 2 neuroleptics (33.3%). Schizoaffective patients received neuroleptic+benzodiazepine (71.4%) and for bipolar disorder patients neuroleptic+antiepileptic (81.8%).schizophrenic(at all derivations except for Fp1, Fp2,F8and T6) and schizoaffective (only at C3) show higher values of ASP (+57.7% and +86.1% respectively) compared to control group. ASP of bipolar disorder patients did not show differences against control group. The mean frequency was higher at Fp1 (+14.2%) and Fp2 (+17.4%) in bipolar disorder patients than control group, but no differences were found in frequencies betweenschizophrenicor schizoaffective patients against the control group. Majority of spectral differences were found at the left hemisphere inschizophrenicand schizoaffective but not in bipolar disorder subjects. The present report contributes to characterize quantitatively the qEEG in drug treatedschizophrenic, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder patients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 19 | Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2014 Apr 12: 48-53 |
| PMID | 24851121 |
| Title | Drug Treated Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective and Bipolar Disorder Patients Evaluated by qEEG Absolute Spectral Power and Mean Frequency Analysis. |
| Abstract | Research of electroencephalograph (EEG) power spectrum and mean frequency has shown inconsistent results in patients withschizophrenic, schizoaffective and bipolar disorders during medication when compared to normal subjects thus; the characterization of these parameters is an important task. We applied quantitative EEG (qEEG) to investigate 38 control, 15schizophrenic, 7 schizoaffective and 11 bipolar disorder subjects which remaine under the administration of psychotropic drugs (except control group). Absolute spectral power (ASP), mean frequency and hemispheric electrical asymmetry were measured by 19 derivation qEEG. Group mean values were compared with non parametrical Mann-Whitney test and spectral EEG maps with z-score method at p < 0.05. Most frequent drug treatments forschizophrenicpatients were neuroleptic+antiepileptic (40% of cases) or 2 neuroleptics (33.3%). Schizoaffective patients received neuroleptic+benzodiazepine (71.4%) and for bipolar disorder patients neuroleptic+antiepileptic (81.8%).schizophrenic(at all derivations except for Fp1, Fp2,F8and T6) and schizoaffective (only at C3) show higher values of ASP (+57.7% and +86.1% respectively) compared to control group. ASP of bipolar disorder patients did not show differences against control group. The mean frequency was higher at Fp1 (+14.2%) and Fp2 (+17.4%) in bipolar disorder patients than control group, but no differences were found in frequencies betweenschizophrenicor schizoaffective patients against the control group. Majority of spectral differences were found at the left hemisphere inschizophrenicand schizoaffective but not in bipolar disorder subjects. The present report contributes to characterize quantitatively the qEEG in drug treatedschizophrenic, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder patients. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 20 | J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2014 Apr 5: 84-9 |
| PMID | 24959417 |
| Title | Development of novel risperidone implants using blends of polycaprolactones and in vitro in vivo correlation studies. |
| Abstract | The objective of this study was to develop a novel implant containing risperidone intended for long-term treatment inschizophreniautilizing in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) studies. Different implants (F1-F8) containing an antipsychotic drug, risperidone, were prepared using a hot melt extrusion technique by taking polycaprolactones of different molecular weights (Mwt. 15000, 45000, 80000) either alone or as their blends, and PLGA (75:25). The implants contained 40% of the drug. After fabrication, the implants were characterized for various in vitro properties such as drug release and physical strength. Prior to conducting drug release studies, optimum drug release method was developed based on IVIVC studies. An optimized formulation based on drug release and physical strength at the end of fabrication was selected from the various implants fabricated. The bioactivity, reversibility, and IVIVC of optimized formulation were determined using pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Short-term stability studies were conducted with optimized formulation. Drug release depended on polymer molecular weight. Implant fabricated using 50:50 polycaprolactone 45,000 and polycaprolactone 80,000 was considered optimized implant. Optimized formulation selected released the drug for 3-months in vitro and was physically rigid. The optimized implant was able to release the drug in vivo for a period of 3 months, the implants are reversible throughout the delivery interval and, a 100% IVIVC was achieved with optimized implant, suggesting the development of 3-month drug-releasing implant for risperidone. The optimized implant was stable for 6 months at room temperature (25�C) and 45�C. A novel implant for risperidone was successfully prepared and evaluated. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |
| 21 | Hum. Genet. 2016 Feb 135: 253-6 |
| PMID | 26667017 |
| Title | Chimeric transcripts resulting from complex duplications in chromosome Xq28. |
| Abstract | Gene fusions have been observed in somatic alterations in cancer and inschizophrenia. However, the underlying mechanism(s) for their formation are poorly understood. We experimentally demonstrated the expression of splicing variants of in silico predicted chimeric genesF8/CSAG1 and BCAP31/TEX28 in two individuals with de novo complex genomic rearrangements of Xq28;F8/CSAG1 includes exonization of an ERVL-MaLR intronic repetitive element. We provide evidence that replicative repair may contribute to exon shuffling processes and diversify the repertoire of expressed transcripts. |
| SCZ Keywords | schizophrenia, schizophrenic, schizophrenics |