A中风or a brain attack occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel or when a blood vessel bursts, interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain. Anischemic stroke当血管阻塞时发生。这是最常见的中风类型。Ahemorrhagic stroke(brain bleed) occurs when a blood vessels breaks. This type of stroke is less common.
The brain needs oxygen in the blood to survive, when the blood flow is disrupted, the cells in the part of the brain that were receiving this blood can die. These cells usually die within minutes to a few hours after the stroke starts. When cells die, chemicals are released that can cause even more cells to die. This is why there is a small window of opportunity for treatment of ischemic stroke.
要记住的最重要的事情是，较早的中风受害者到达急诊室，他们能够获得停止或减少中风造成脑部损害量的治疗的机会越好。
当脑细胞死亡时，在垂死大脑中控制的功能就会丢失。这些功能包括语言，语音，运动和感觉。丢失或受影响的特定能力取决于中风出现在大脑中的位置以及中风的大小。
For example, someone who has a small stroke may experience only minor effects such as weakness of an arm or leg. On the other hand, someone who has a larger stroke may be left paralyzed on one side or lose his/her ability to express and process language. Some people recover completely from less serious strokes, while other individuals lose their lives to very severe strokes.
Risk factors are medical conditions or lifestyle practices that can increase one’s chance of having a stroke. Risk factors can be modifiable (things we can change) or non-modifiable (things we cannot change).
全球地图显示了中风发生的终生风险（以％），男女合并，2016年。Source: N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 20; 379(25): 2429–2437. Published online 2018 Dec 20. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1804492
Other important but less common stroke symptoms:
The only FDA approved treatment for ischemic stroke is a medication calledtissue plasminogen activator (tPA)。这种“大脑节省”治疗溶解了导致中风的凝块。这种药物只能在中风开始后的4.5小时内通过IV给药。给药越早，将氧气恢复到垂死的大脑以防止更多损害的机会越好。根据发生的出血性（出血）中风的类型，包括手术在内的治疗选择不同。
中风是可以预防的。据估计，通过解决可修改的危险因素可以预防多达80％的中风。当一个人中风时，他们有另一笔中风的风险就会增加。当一个人接受中风治疗时，会提出药物和建议以防止进一步的中风。
A瞬态缺血发作（TIA）occurs when there is momentary loss of blood flow to an area of the brain. Because the blood flow is restored on its own, the symptoms of stroke go away on their own after minutes to hours. A TIA is a sign that a stroke may occur and is therefore as dangerous as a stroke. We avoid the use of the term “mini-stroke” because it minimizes the importance of a TIA. There is a high risk of stroke in the days, weeks, and months after a TIA. It is important to seek medical attention as soon as signs of the TIA occur. The signs of TIA and risk factors for TIA are the same as for stroke. A stroke can be prevented if risk factors are adequately assessed and managed after a TIA occurs.
The STEP clinic was developed in order to address the multiple needs of patients and caregivers after a stroke or TIA occurs. The clinic takes an integrated approach to post-stroke care by providing education, risk factor screening and management, and assessment and treatment of post-stroke complication. We also connect patients and caregivers to our partner clinics, community programs, and community resources that help address post-stroke needs.
Anjail Sharrief, MD / MPH
Stroke Prevention Division Lead Director
中风过渡和预防诊所
Munachi Okpala，RN NP
中风诊所护士从业者
Community Outreach Organizer
访问我们的临床中风服务page for more resources and information.
Connect with The Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases